A short history of...
I thought I'd go ahead and let this fly. If any of our Russian Orbinaut friends see any glaring errors, please point them out to me and I'll fix them to the best of my ability
The Cosmos (Kosmos) family of rockets began as the R-14 intermediate range ballistic missile. Envisioned as a successor to the R-12 in 1955, testing of the R-14 began at Kapustin Yar in 1960, and was brought into service nearly a year later, thus beginning a long history of service to the Soviet Union, later the Russian Federation, finally providing commercial launch services to corporations around the world.
In 1962 a shipment of R-14 missiles were loaded aboard a cargo ship bound for Cuba to join the group of R-12’s already deployed on the island. Thankfully the situation now known as the “Cuban Missile Crisis” was defused, and under the watchful eyes of the United States, all ballistic missiles were removed from Cuba. The R-14 missile was however deployed to the Ukraine and Latvia as part of the nuclear missile fleet of the USSR.
With the addition of a second stage, she found new life as a viable and valuable space launch system. Now known as the Kosmos (Cosmos) rocket, it has been modified at least eight times, culminating with is the 3M series here represented (with the exception of the flared payload fairing).
Cosmos rockets launched from Kapustan Yar were instrumental in the development of the Soviet missile detection system. They also provided technical data that would later be used on the Buran shuttle. In 1982, an Australian P-3 Orion observed a Soviet ship recovering an object from the waters of the Indian Ocean. That object was later discovered to be the BOR-4 flight vehicle which was being used to test the thermal protection system later used on Buran (that same BOR-4 later became the inspiration for the American HL-20 and Sierra Nevada’s Dreamchaser).
Although construction of the Cosmos rocket ceased in 1995 there still remained a sizable inventory. Enough so that continued operations of the Cosmos rocket system came to be the world’s third most used space launcher; following the venerable Russian R-7 and the American Thor/Delta rockets, reaching an incredible 97.5% success rate over 750 launches. PO Polyot, (the manufacturer of the Cosmos) expressed a desire to continue with construction, further modifications and upgrades, but the environmental concerns regarding the toxic fuel used, and the desire to used only “clean” rocket fuels by 2015, effectively killed the program.
Despite an exemplary launch history, the Cosmos was not operated without incident. In July of 1973, at the Plesetsk launch complex, following a scrub of a launch event the rocket exploded on the launch pad, killing nine members of the ground crew.*
Slated to be replaced by the Angara rocket in 2014, two Cosmos rockets remain in the inventory. It has been expressed by officials in the Russian Space Program that it is their desire to use both these rockets, thus concluding the program and closing the books on one of the world’s most successful launch systems.
*There are several references to a second event, also killing nine members of the ground crew in 1976. But as of this writing I am unable to locate any details.